Category: Your Money

We defined the spread between a pair to be:

spread = A – βB

where A and B are prices and β is the first regression coefficient.

The β is also known as the hedge ratio.

Neither β, nor the relationship is “guaranteed” to be stable. Here are the p-values and β of Bank Nifty vs. ICICI Bank nearest to expiry futures, with a 50-day look-back:

As you can see, the spread has periods of stability and adjustment. And sometimes, the stability is the anomaly.

To be continued…

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• Bank Nifty vs. HDFC Bank and ICICI Bank (stockviz.biz)

Correlation

When we discussed banks and introduced pair trading, we pointed out that a pairs trading strategy involves answering these questions:

1. How do you identify “stocks that move together?”
2. Should they be in the same industry?
3. How far should they have to diverge before you enter the trade?
4. When is a position unwound?

Traders new to pair trading often mistake the correlation of prices to be indicative of “similarity”. For example, consider the Bank Nifty, HDFC Bank and ICICI bank. Here’s the chart of the closing price of the nearest to expiration futures contract:

And there are some really tight correlations:

However, this is only part of the story. What we need are pairs who’s price movements are mean reverting. Looking at price correlation alone is not enough.

Spreads

We need the spread between pairs to be “stable”, i.e., mean reverting.

spread = A – βB

where A and B are prices and β is the first regression coefficient.

200-day spreads

Here are the spreads between these pairs using 200-day data for regression:

50-day spreads

Here are the spreads between these pairs using 50-day data for regression:

Testing for cointegration

You don’t have to visually inspect spreads to see if they are mean-reverting. The most straightforward way of checking if a time-series is co-integrated is to perform a Dickey-Fuller test on it. If the p-value is less than 0.10, then this could be a good pair for trading.

If you are trading futures, then a 200-day fit may not make much sense. The latest 30-day test between BANKNIFTY and HDFCBANK has a surprisingly low p-value of 0.057, indicating that there is a potential trade there.

To be continued…

Related articles

• Bank Nifty vs. HDFC Bank and ICICI Bank (stockviz.biz)

We recently discussed linear regression by using it to inspect the relationship between two banking stocks. Lets try and extend that treatment to an index and its predominant constituents.

Bank Nifty

The Bank Nifty is composed of 12 bank stocks with ICICIBANK and HDFCBANK making up 29.27% and 28.26% of the index, respectively. Lets start with the scatterplot of daily log returns of the nearest to expiration futures.

Notice the strong relationship between the index and the banks?

Q-Q Plots

Index vs. Banks have a predominantly Gaussian distribution. HDFC vs. ICICI – not so much.

Pairs trading

With this knowledge in hand, can we trade pairs made out of these three? The rules for pairs trading is fairly straightforward:

1. find stocks that move together
2. take a long–short position when they diverge and unwind on convergence

The execution of a pairs trading strategy involves answering these questions:

1. How do you identify “stocks that move together?”
2. Should they be in the same industry?
3. How far should they have to diverge before you enter the trade?
4. When is a position unwound?

Bank Nifty, HDFC Bank and ICICI Bank certainly fit the criteria.

Co-integrated prices

If the long and short components fluctuate due to common factors, then the prices of the component portfolios would be co-integrated and the pairs trading strategy should work.

If we have two non-stationary time series X and Y that become stationary when differenced (these are called integrated of order one series, or I(1) series) such that some linear combination of X and Y is stationary (aka, I(0)), then we say that X and Y are cointegrated. In other words, while neither X nor Y alone hovers around a constant value, some combination of them does, so we can think of cointegration as describing a particular kind of long-run equilibrium relationship.

For a light introduction to co-integration, read this post on Quora.

To be continued…

Linear Regression

The easiest relationship to examine between a pair of stocks is linearity. You can try and fit a linear model through their daily log returns first and then decide further course of action.

Here’s a scatter-plot that shows how Bank of India and Canara Bank could be related to each other.

Results of linear regression:

Residuals:
      Min        1Q    Median        3Q       Max 
-0.055050 -0.009995  0.000331  0.009440  0.063258 

Coefficients:
              Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
(Intercept) -0.0002843  0.0006817  -0.417    0.677    
BANKINDIA    0.7451950  0.0232860  32.002   <2e-16 ***
---
Residual standard error: 0.01638 on 575 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared:  0.6404,    Adjusted R-squared:  0.6398 
F-statistic:  1024 on 1 and 575 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16

After fitting a regression model it is important to determine whether all the necessary model assumptions are valid before performing inference. If there are any violations, subsequent inferential procedures may be invalid resulting in faulty conclusions. Therefore, it is crucial to perform appropriate model diagnostics.

Residuals vs. Fitted

Residuals are estimates of experimental error obtained by subtracting the observed responses from the predicted responses. The predicted response is calculated from the model after all the unknown model parameters have been estimated from the data. Ideally, we should not see any pattern here.

Q-Q Plot of Residuals

The QQ Plot shows fat tails.

Residuals vs. Leverage

The leverage of an observation measures its ability to move the regression model all by itself by simply moving in the y-direction. The leverage measures the amount by which the predicted value would change if the observation was shifted one unit in the y-direction. The leverage always takes values between 0 and 1. A point with zero leverage has no effect on the regression model. If a point has leverage equal to 1 the line must follow the point perfectly.

Labeled points on this plot represent cases we may want to investigate as possibly having undue influence on the regression relationship.

Conclusion

A linear model on daily log returns may not be the best way to understand the relationship between the two stocks. We can either change the model (linear) or change the attribute (daily log returns) that we are using.

To be continued…

Source: Model Diagnostics for Regression

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