Tag: investing

Ten years is a long time

Yearly Nifty and Defty Returns

nifty.vs.defty.returns

When you look at the last 24 years of returns, the NIFTY gave negative returns for 8 years – 1/3rd of the time.

Holding period matters

The most frequent advice given to new equity investors is that they should at least have a 3-year horizon. The problem with this is that there have been 7 periods where cumulative 3-year returns have been negative or single digits. This sort of advice does nothing to mentally prepare the investor to stay disciplined.

nifty.defty.3.yr.returns

In fact, dollar investors (NRIs, etc.) have had it rougher.

nifty.defty.5.yr.returns

It is only when you look at 7-years and beyond that you start seeing the kind of returns that begin to make sense.

nifty.defty.7.yr.returns

nifty.defty.10.yr.returns

Long-term portfolio but short-term horizon

Very often, advisors set up portfolios looking at this:

nifty.defty.15.yr.returns

Whereas the media is feeding the investor this:

CNX NIFTY.2015-07-15

Long-term investing works if you have the discipline to ignore portfolio returns over very long time horizons. But how many of us have the discipline to stay the course over decades?

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Optimization vs. Maximization

The dog years of 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013

According to AMFI, these are the 5 largest funds at the end of March-2015:

Scheme Name AUM (Cr.)
HDFC Equity Fund – Growth Option
1,280,287
HDFC Top 200 Fund – Growth Option
1,009,121
Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund-Growth Plan-Growth Option
764,383
HDFC MID-CAP OPPORTUNITIES FUND – Growth Option
715,865
ICICI Prudential Value Discovery Fund – Regular Plan – Growth
645,946

What this means is that there is at least one person in your immediate network who would have invested in one of these funds.

Now let’s take a walk down memory lane. 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 were the worst years for the Indian economy. The RBI had messed up monetary policy leading to high inflation (double digits), there was a currency panic (rupee went from 45 to a dollar to 65), a never-ending series of scams and a government hell bent on redistribution. The only two asset classes that were doing well at the time were gold and real estate. GOLDBEES, the gold ETF, returned 13.25% (IRR) during that period. Fixed deposits were yielding around 11%. How would a typical investor react if his actively managed equity investments gave the following returns?

Scheme Name IRR
HDFC Equity Fund – Growth Option
7.00%
HDFC Top 200 Fund – Growth Option
6.74%
Reliance Equity Opportunities Fund-Growth Plan-Growth Option
12.00%
HDFC MID-CAP OPPORTUNITIES FUND – Growth Option
13.24%
ICICI Prudential Value Discovery Fund – Regular Plan – Growth
11.09%

Here is Gold (in red) vs. HDFC Equity Fund (in black):

Needless to say, most investors who dipped their toes into the equity markets in 2010 gave up after a couple of years and still believe that the whole mutual fund business is a scam.

First half of 2015

We are supposed to be in a bull market. But let’s see how the first half worked out for the HDFC Equity Fund:

IRR of -2.39%. And bonds lost money too (in June.) Bull markets are not immune to prolonged periods of a “sideways” market.

Diversification across assets

A standard response to most investing problems in diversification. Invest a little into a variety of asset classes – equities, commodities, real-estate, gold, bonds – and you will be fine.

The problem with diversification is that it always feels wrong. For example, there are “balanced” funds that are supposed to allocate between both bonds and equities. They end up having lower draw-downs because of this. If you compare the ICICI Prudential Balanced Fund with HDFC Equity Fund between 2010-2013, the latter has an IRR of 11.38% vs. 7.00% of the former. But during the bull market of 2014, the balanced-fund gave an IRR of 45.47% vs. the equity fund’s 53.83%. So the lower draw-down comes at the expense of performance. It is a huge cognitive burden for investors to live with.

The kind of assets you pick for diversifying into also matters. For example, there was this big thing back in the day about the “commodity super-cycle.” About how the insatiable appetite for all sorts of commodities from China would keep growing to infinity. Plus, commodities were supposed to uncorrelated with equities. So great for diversification, right? Here’s how Mirae Global Commodity Equity Fund compares to the HDFC Equity Fund:

Commodity stocks did turn out to be uncorrelated but not in a way that you would like. And the commodities themselves are bouncing along multi-year lows right now.

What about bonds? Surely, they are safe. But let’s not forget that in 2009 and 2013, gilts drew-down double digits and their long-term IRRs are between 7% and 10%.

gilt drawdowns

Diversifying across geographies

What if you invested in international funds? After all, the rupee keeps going down, right? Depends on where you look. Between 2010 and 2013 (the dog years) the Birla Sun Life International Equity Fund – Plan A gave an IRR of 16.09% vs. HDFC Equity Fund’s 7%. But before you pat yourself on the back, between 2014 and now, the latter gave an IRR of 3.06% vs. 32.54% of the former. And Religare’s Pan European Equity Fund gave 1.50%.

Diversification means that your overall portfolio will trail behind the best performing asset class du jour. Psychologically, it is a very difficult thing to stick to.

Investing fads and broker recommendations

Of all the poor choices that investors can make, the worst is giving into investing fads. Back in 2004, there was this whole “India shining” marketing slogan. And now there is “make in India”, “smart cities”, “digital India”, etc. And almost every single time, fund houses come out with new schemes that tag along the slogan du jour. Here are some examples:

Morgan Stanley came out with their stock picks if Modi won (Theme created Dec 6, 2013):
morgan stanley strong election result

Here’s one on the Rail Budget (Theme, created Feb 26, 2015)
rail budget 2015 theme

So much for betting on rate-sensitive stocks (Theme, created Feb 3, 2015):
rate sensitive 2015 theme

You can browse through all these recommendations and lists under the “Broker Recommendations” section of our Themes page. We call it Doodh Ka Doodh Pani ka Pani.

Optimization vs. Maximization

The above examples highlight the problems of trying to maximize returns. There will always be an asset class, mutual fund or stock that is doing better than what you own. And there is an entire industry of tip-sheets, newsletter writers and subscription services that promise to pick the next winner.

However, we see investing as an optimization problem. We believe that drawdowns are an inseparable part of investing. Instead, we focus on getting the right mix of assets and strategies based on your risk appetite. And we make it supremely easy to stick to a plan.

For direct equity investors, this means getting Value and Momentum right. We have created Themes based on different approaches to value and momentum investing. Investors can then map our Themes to gain exposure to a specific set of strategies.

For mutual fund investors, this means getting portfolio risk right. We have created Themes based on the risk of the overall portfolio. Investors can now tune out the noise and focus on achieving their life goals.

Investing is not easy, but your journey as an investor will be so much more smoother with us. Get in touch with us now!

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Keynes’ key to successful investing: He abandoned forecasting

Read an interesting article in the FT by Tim Harford about forecasting. Was hit by a couple of “aha moments”.

First:

Keynes’s track record over a quarter century running the discretionary portfolio of King’s College Cambridge was excellent, outperforming market benchmarks by an average of six percentage points a year, an impressive margin.

The secret to Keynes’s profits is that he abandoned macroeconomic forecasting entirely. Instead, he sought out well-managed companies with strong dividend yields, and held on to them for the long term. Keynes, the most influential macroeconomist in history, realized not only that such forecasts were beyond his skill but that they were unnecessary.

And here’s the other gem:

Most forecasters aren’t actually seriously and single-mindedly trying to see into the future. If they were, they’d keep score and try to improve their predictions based on past errors. They don’t.

This is because their predictions are about the future only in the most superficial way. They are really advertisements, conversation pieces, declarations of tribal loyalty…

Read the whole thing: How to see into the future

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Howard Marks on Risk

risk-return

Howard Marks of Oaktree Capital on risk:

We hear it all the time: “Riskier investments produce higher returns” and “If you want to make more money, take more risk.” Both of these formulations are terrible. In brief, if riskier investments could be counted on to produce higher returns, they wouldn’t be riskier.

You can read the whole thing here:

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Musings on stock-market forecasts

Traffic jams

Say there’s a traffic jam on a busy road. When new vehicles try to enter the same route, the drivers hear on the radio that there’s a jam ahead and adapt by finding another route. Suppose there is only one alternate route. What happens now? The alternate route forms a second jam!

Later entrants have to choose between the two jams. Predicting the actions of this new group is very hard to do. Maybe the second jam is worse than the first. By the time we hit this third layer of participants, predicting the behavior of the system has become extremely difficult, if not impossible.

Complex vs. Complex Adaptive

Weather is a complex system. However, if, on Thursday, the forecast is for rain on Sunday, is the rain any less likely to occur? No. The act of predicting has not influenced the outcome. Although near-term weather is extremely complex, with many interacting parts leading to higher order outcomes, it does have an element of predictability.

The stock-market is a complex adaptive system. Traders and investors in the market are interacting with one another constantly and adapting their behavior to what they know about others’ behavior. The key element of a complex adaptive system is the social element.

For example, Meredith Whitney predicted the crash of Citibank in late 2007.

citi chart

She went on to setup her own advisory firm, Meredith Whitney Advisory Group, and made a similar call on American municipal bonds in late 2010 on national television. Retail investors sold in panic. But for the the most parts, nothing happened.

MUB chart

Reflexivity

Reflexivity refers to circular relationships between cause and effect. A reflexive relationship is bidirectional with both the cause and the effect affecting one another in a situation that does not render both functions causes and effects. It flies in the face of equilibrium theory, which stipulates that markets move towards equilibrium and that non-equilibrium fluctuations are merely random noise that will soon be corrected.

Reflexivity asserts that prices do in fact influence the fundamentals and that these newly-influenced set of fundamentals then proceed to change expectations, thus influencing prices; the process continues in a self-reinforcing pattern.

Takeaway

Behavioral dynamics is key to understanding complex adaptive systems. One should have a mental model that incorporates higher-order thinking when it comes to navigating the markets.

The big question is, how different is listening to stock-market predictions from listening to an astrologer, reading horoscopes or believing in vastu?

To quote German theologian and martyr Dietrich Bonhoeffer:

“…how wrong it is to use God as a stop-gap for the incompleteness of our knowledge. If in fact the frontiers of knowledge are being pushed further and further back (and that is bound to be the case), then God is being pushed back with them, and is therefore continually in retreat. We are to find God in what we know, not in what we don’t know.”
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